Mind! questions in the Present Perfect never start with when.

The Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense is used to denote an action which is over by the moment of speaking, but the results of the action are vivid in present. There is always connection with now.

The Present Perfect Tense is formed by means of the auxiliary verb have, which in the third form singular has the form has and Participle II (Participle II is formed by adding the suffix ed to regular verbs or we should use the third form of the irregular verbs)

Negative sentences are formed with the help of particle not which is put after the auxiliary verb have/has.

In order to form questions we should put the auxiliary verb have/has on the first place.

Spelling Rules:

- Irregular forms should be memorized.

- Final e should be dropped: to live – lived, to unite – united

- Final y is changed into i before the addition of ed if it is preceded by a consonant: to carry – carried, to reply – replied

- Final y remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel: to enjoy – enjoyed.

- If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled: to stop – stopped, to plan – planned.

- Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel: to occur – occurred, to prefer – preferred.

- Final r is not doubled if it is preceded by a diphthong: to appear – appeared.

- Final l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed: to quarrel – quarrelled. (British English; American English – quarreled).

We use the Present Perfect Tense:

1. for an action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present.

Ex. She has just washed her hair. (a completed action connected with the present, the only thing which matters here is the result.)

The Present Perfect Tense is frequently used with the adverbs: ever, never, just, already, yet, of late, lately, recently.

1. for an action which started in the past and continuous up to the present, especially with the verbs which are not used in the Continuous Tense.

Ex. I have known her for ages. (In this case prepositions for and since are frequently used)

1. for an action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking.

Ex. She has taken fifteen pictures today. (We often use words and expressions such as today, this morning, /evening/week/month/year etc.

But: She took twenty pictures yesterday. (The time period is over)

1. when we have the expression: This (it) is the first time.

Ex. This is the first time I have not done my homework.

Mind! questions in the Present Perfect never start with when.

Ex. When did you arrive in Moscow?

1. for an action completed before a definite moment in the future in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as.

Ex. You’ll go for a walk after you have done the homework.

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