Forms and meanings.

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Modal verb	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
Equivalent
must have to be to	must have to has am is to are	had to was were to	will have to ….

MUST expresses:

strong obligation, necessity to do smth, shows that sth is essential.	I must paythe bill tomorrow.	I had to pay the bill on Friday.(I was obliged to)
a command, an urgent request (побудительное предложение)	You must leave the room at once.	-
prohibition	You mustn’t take photographs. (it’s forbidden)	-
duty	All motorists mustobserve the Highway Code.	All employees had to sign new contracts.
probability or supposition bordering on assurance) =должно быть, вероятно	She’s been working all day, so she must be really tired!(90% certain)	She was working all day yesterday, so she must have been really tired

TO HAVE TO expresses:

obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances (должен =приходиться, вынужден)

I have to wake up at 6 every day. My working day begins at 8.

Last night Den suddenly became ill. We had to call the doctor.

TO BE TO expresses:

necessity as a result of plan, agreement, general arrangement, time-table	They are to go to Spain in July.	We were to meetat the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to nine.
a strict order/prohibition	You are to go straight to your room.(Сейчас же иди в свою комнату)	-
something thought as unavoidable (предстоит, суждено)	Sally wanted Morris to be friendly with her, but evidently it was not to be.	He went about thinking of his life and what was to become of him.

Notes:

1. There is something a difference between “ must ” and “ have to ”. With “ must ” the speaker is giving his own feelings, saying “he” thinks it necessary:

e.g. I must visit my friend. He is ill.

I must write to Ann. I haven’t written to her for ages.

2. We can only use “ must” to talk about the present and future; “ have to ” can be used in three tense forms.

e.g. I had to go to hospital.

I am afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I will have to work late.

NEED.

Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

When “need’ is used in the meaning “to be in want of something” it is treated as a normal verb.

e.g. He needs a pair of shoes.

“Need” as a modal verb has only one tense form – the Present.

Notes:

The absence of necessity is expressed by:

· don’t have to/ don’t need to/ needn’t + present infinitive (it is not necessary in the present or future)

e.g. You don’t have to/ don’t need to/ needn’t wake up early tomorrow. It’s Sunday. (It is not necessary to wake up …)

· didn’t need to/ didn’t have to + present infinitive (it was not necessary in the past and we may not know if the action happened or not)

e.g. She didn’t need to/didn’t have to wake up early yesterday. It was Sunday. (It wasn’t necessary for her to wake up early and we don’t know if she did or not)

· needn’t + bare perfect infinitive (We know that sth happened in the past although it was not necessary)

e.g. You needn’t have left so early last night. (You did, although it was not necessary)

Modal Verbs (Practice)

1. I have some friends in the town, so I ……. (stay) in a hotel.

2. I …….(get up) so early; I had forgotten it was Saturday.

3.The money was on the desk: I …….. (take) it, but I didn’t.

4. It was so heavy that I ……. (lift) it.

5. You ……. (borrow) my books without asking.

6. They didn’t come to the restaurant –they ….. (not) afford it.

7. I know you were angry, but you ……. (not be) so rude.

8. I ….. (leave) the party early last night – I wasn’t very well.

9. I ….. (come) tomorrow, I’m afraid. I’m too busy.

10. I’m sorry, I ………(let) you know what was happening.

11. The teacher says we …… (go) to school tomorrow..

12. You ……… (buy) such an expensive present, but I’m very glad you did.

13. The manager suggested that we …… (try) to find another hotel.

14.. After I had tried for a few hours, I …… (open) the door and get out.

15. We ….. (come back) by boat because the airport was closed by fog.

16. I think you ………. (tell) your parents you are going to be late. They’ll be worried.

17. You ….. (get up) early tomorrow if you want to catch the bus.

18. When they came back from Paris they ….. (speak) perfect French.

19. This is a no-smoking area. You …… (smoke) here.

20. I …….. (catch) the bus this morning, because Vic gave me a lift.

21. It’s very cold. You …… (wear) a coat.

22. She ….. be married. She is wearing a wedding ring.

23. That …… have been Harry’s car you saw yesterday. His is blue, not green.

24. There …… be an election this year, but I’m not sure.

25. ……. You tell me how to get to the station from here, please?