Double diminutive suffixes

Some suffixes are really double diminutive suffixes. They may help to form nouns denoting particularly small objects or they may serve as terms of special endearment.

-о.чeк	added to masculine nouns, e.g. листо.чeк tiny little leaf цвeто.чeк little flower
-e.чко	added to neuter nouns, e.g. мeстe.чко little place словe.чко little word
-очкa/-eчкa/-ичкa	added to feminine nouns, e.g. звёздочкa tiny little star, asterisk стрe.лочкa tiny little arrow, little hand (e.g. on watch) води.чкa nice little (bottle/drink of) water сeстри.чкa dear little sister

The augmentative suffix -ищe/-ищa

- ищe is added to masculine and neuter nouns, - ищa to feminine nouns, e.g.

городи.щe a very large town

бороди.щa a massive beard

Pejorative suffixes

The basic function of pejorative suffixes is to indicate scorn or contempt on the part of the speaker or writer towards the person or object in question. At the same time these suffixes may also have a quite different function, i.e. they may express affection in an ironic tone. The main pejorative suffixes are:

-и.шкa/-и.шко	The suffix -и.шкamay be added to masculine animate and feminine nouns; -и.шкоmay be added to masculine inanimate and neuter nouns, e.g.
-ёнкa/-о.нкa	This suffix is applied mainly to feminine nouns. The form –онкafollows hushing consonants, which may result from a consonantchange in the root of the noun when the suffix is added. Examples: бaбёнкa foul old hag (or dear old woman!) лошaдёнкa wretched nag книжо.нкa dreadful book собaчо.нкa cur (or a dog one is fond of!)

Task 5. Give English equivalents to the following Russian terms. Use the text Principles of Word Formation.

1. словарный фонд

2. расширить словарный запас

3. точный смысл слова

4. применять принципы

5. быть очевидным

6. составлять основную часть словаря

7. распознавание слов

8. запоминание слов

9. выводить логически

10. указывать на отношение говорящего

11. ласкательный

12. презрительный

13. уничижительный

14. уменьшительно-ласкательный

15. мужской род

16. средний род

17. женский род

18. разговорный стиль

19. полностью отсутствовать

20. исчерпывающий

21. передавать

22. нежность

23. одушевленный

24. неодушевленный

25. шипящие согласные

26. чередование согласных

Task 6. Use the word at the end of each gap to form a new word with which to fill the gap. Make sure to take into consideration forms using various prefixes and suffixes, as well as negative forms.

In the centre of the room, clamped to an upright easel, stood the full-length portrait of a young man of _____ (ORDINARY) personal beauty, and in front of it, some little _____ (DISTANT) away, was sitting the artist himself, Basil Hallward, whose sudden _____ (APPEAR) some years ago caused, at the time, such public _____ (EXCITE), and gave rise to so many strange conjectures. As the painter looked at the _____ (GRACE) and comely form he had so _____ (SKILL) mirrored in his art, a smile of ______ (PLEASE) passed across his face, and seemed about to linger there. But he _____ (SUDDEN) started up, and, closing his eyes, placed his fingers upon the lids, as though he sought to _____ (PRISON) within his brain some curious dream from which he feared he might _____ (WAKE).

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