Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).

IS is a form of utterance in which the words of the speaker are reported. When DS is converted into IS the following changes are introduced: 1) The quotation marks and the comma (or colon) are omitted; 2) The pronouns are replaced by those of the 3^rd person (if somebody else's words are reported); 3) If the verb in the PC is in the past tense, demonstrative pronouns and adverbials expressing nearness are replaced by words expressing distance (no changes take place if the speaker speaks in the same place and at the same time as the speaker whose words are reported); 4) If the verb in the PC is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the SOT (if the Past Indefinite in DS denotes an action taking place at a definite moment, it remains unchanged in IS); 5) When sentences containing Subjunctive Mood are converted into IS the form of the verb usually remains unchanged (except for "may" which is turned into "might"); 6) The verb introducing DS is replaced by another verb which shows whether the IS is a statement, a question, an order (request) or an exclamation; 7) IS, unlike DS, is characterized by rigid logic of structure and terseness ("so, such" are replaced by "very, exceedingly", interjections must be replaced by suitable AM, etc.); 8) "Must" remains unchanged in IS if it expresses advice (order) or a supposition bordering on assurance, but it's generally replaced by "had to" if it expresses necessity arising out of circumstances, and it's replaced by "was to" if it expresses arrangement or a kind of order.

ISt are generally introduced by the verbs "to say, to tell, to announce" (in official style also "to inform"). With the verbs "to tell, to inform" the person addressed is always mentioned. If it is mentioned with the verbs "to say, to announce" the preposition "to" is used. The verb "to say" is used to introduce both DS & IS, "to tell" is used to introduce IS only. An emphatic statement tinged with emotion is often introduced by the verb "to declare". Other verbs are "to promise, to remark, to remind, to assure, to admit, to deny, etc."

IQ are generally introduced by the verb "to ask" ("to inquire" in official style, with the preposition "of" if the person addressed is mentioned). Word order in an IQ is the same as in a statement. An indirect general Q is introduced by the conjunctions "if, whether", an indirect special Q is introduced by the same adverb or pronoun that introduces a direct Q, if a direct Q to the subject contains the link verb "to be", the direct word order isn't strictly observed.

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