John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Introduction

• The second half of the XIX century was characterized by a critical of the provisions of the German classical philosophy and political thought;
• There were attempts to avoid excessive (шектең тыс/чрезмерный) abstraction to the practical using of philosophical and political ideas;
• During this period, such philosophies as Marxism, positivism and the theory of elites were dominating.

Marxism

Representatives: Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

Characteristic features of Marxism:

• Rejection of overly abstract reasoning;
• Refusal to idealize classical German philosophy;
• Commitment to the practical implementation of the philosophical ideas;
• Interest in social and political issues;
• Development of formation approach to the historical development of society and the typology of (the slave system, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism);
• Development of the theory of scientific communism as an ideal society of the future.

Positivism

The characteristic features of positivism (Latin word 'positivus' - positive):

• Critical of traditional philosophy as divorced (айырылған/оторванный) from reality;
• Philosophy must abandon the abstract language and rely on scientific methods (experience, experiment, etc.);
• The main purpose of philosophy is the generalization and systematization of these particular sciences objectively.

August Comte (1798-1857)

• Scientific knowledge, according to Comte, is the highest level of human development;
• The most valuable kind of knowledge is scientific (positive);
• Metaphysics on the contrary is the inaccurate, misleading and unhelpful;
• He called for a concrete social life to study, organize, and summarize it.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

He introduced the term “social evolution”

• Three formulas to explain social evolution:

- Natural selection

- Struggle for existence

- Survival of the fittest

• The government should not interfere with the natural processes in the society: adjusted people will survive, and unsuitable will die. Only the strong will be able to reach higher levels of development;
• Socialism and communism - is impossible. People tend to: love of power, ambition, injustice, dishonesty;
• All attempts to speed up the progress of humanity through administrative measures only lead to a revival of the military type of society.

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

• He was the author of the concept of "System of Logic";
• The logic, according to Mill, is the theory of evidence;
• Logic should establish clear rules for truth - from the lies, true inferences (шешімдер/выводы) from the infidels (қате/неверные);
• Truth is consistent with the objective reality and the facts;
• All our knowledge is of experimental origin.

Glossary

English	Қазақша	Русский
commitment approach abstract reasoning abandon particular inaccurate misleading fittest dishonesty	міндеттеме амал абстрактық ойлау бас тарту нақты дәл емес қателестіретін бейімделген әділетсіздік	обязательство подход абстрактное мышление отказываться конкретный неточный вводящий в заблуждение приспособленный нечестность

5.Recommended readings:

1. Алтаев Ж: Философия және мәдениеттану.- А., 2000
2. Кішібеков С., Сыздықов Ұ. Философия. Оқулық. Алматы. 2000
3. Тұрғанбаев Т. Философия. А, 2002.
4. Ғабитов Т.Х., Құлсариева А.Т. Философия және мәдениеттану. А, 2002.
5. Ә., Әбжанов Т. Ойлау тарихының белестері. – Алматы, 1994.
6. Алтай Ж., Қасабек А. Философия тарихы. Алматы, 1999
7. Ақназаров Х.З. Фиолософия тарихынан дәріскер курсы. – Алматы, 1992
8. Бейсенов Қ. Философия тарихы. – Алматы, 1992.
9. Философиялық сөздік. – Алматы, 1996
10. Чанышев А.Н. Курс лекций по древней философии. М., 1993.
11. Аль-Фараби. Философские трактаты.А.,1970
12. Блинников Л. В. Великие философы. Словарь-справочник. М.: Логос, 1999. С.58-62
13. Горфункель А. Х. Философия эпохи Возрождения. М.: Высшая школа, 1980.
14. Лазарев В. В. Становление философского сознания Нового времени. - М., 1987
15. Нарский И. С. Западноевропейская философия XVIII века. М.: Высшая школа, 1973
16. Соколов В. В. Европейская философия XV-XVII веков. М.: Высшая школа, 1996.

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