Unit 4. Present Tense in if/when Clauses

Exercise 1. Translate sentences paying special attention to if clauses.

Example: If you don’t study hard you won’t become a good barrister. – Если ты не будешь усердно учиться, ты не станешь хорошим адвокатом.

1. If you commit a crime, you will be a criminal. 2. If it is necessary you will be given an advocate. 3. If a case is really difficult a barrister will represent it in the court. 4. If we insult elderly people we will break moral foundations. 5. If a plaintiff accepts this proposal the trial will be postponed. 6. If a person buys a gun without a license he will behave illegally. 7. If you smoke marijuana you will become an addict. 8. If you excess the speed limits you will be fined. 9. When the judge acquits an offender he will be released in the courtroom. 10. If a verdict is wise a criminal can change and return to a normal life. 11. If a defendant is guilty he will be punished. 12. When a young offender comes back from a detention center he will be supervised by an officer.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form.

Example: If he … a successful lawyer his income will be high (to become). – If he becomes a successful lawyer his income will be high.

1. If parents … enough attention to their children they will become disobedient (not to pay). 2. When a solicitor … a letter from a client he will register it (to receive). 3. When a barrister in England … from university he will work as a trainee (to graduate). 4. If you … a barrister you will never see him without a solicitor (to need). 5. If a special committee … me as a magistrate I’ll have to take some preparatory courses (to choose). 6. The president will appoint an attorney when the reins of government … hands (to change). 7. If we … this task we will be punished (not to do). 8. If a person … a legal problem, he will go and see a solicitor (to have). 9. In Hawaii you will be fined if you … a boat (not to own). 10. If you … impolite you will offend people (to be). 11. If a policeman … you, be polite and do what he says (to stop). 12. If you … into a trouble, call the police (to get).

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs.

appear study face lose be behave

get choose reform be make fool of

sentence shorten commit vote need

Example: Car drivers won’t... any opportunity to exceed the speed on the road, when it is not allowed, if they are sure, that there is no policeman near by. – Car drivers won’t lose any opportunity to exceed the speed on the road, when it is not allowed, if they are sure, that there is no policeman near by.

1. If the state … your house and wants you to leave it, you ought to do so, but the state must present you a new house, equal in cost to that of yours. 2. And if you want to be a literate person, if you want to know your rights and duties, you will … the Law. 4. Nobody will … you, if you are careful with strangers. 5. If a prisoner reforms (according to the assessment of prison board), then community … him to supervision. 6. But if a killer … the cruelty of his behaviour, he will face life imprisonment. 7. Only if the committee … to approve the bill it will be scheduled for consideration by the chamber’s full membership. 8. If you … a trial by the jury it will take a lot of time. 9. The attorney will lose his post if this information … in newspapers. 10. When he … a degree in law he will work as a detective. 11. If he behaves they … his term. 12. If a teenager … a crime he will be sent to a special detention centre.

Exercise 4. Correct the mistakes where necessary.

Example: If, at any time, an unpleasant situation arise in a dark and secluded area, make it clear you are a foreigner, simply by speaking English. – If, at any time, an unpleasant situation arises in a dark and secluded area, make it clear you are a foreigner, simply by speaking English.

1. If children have alcoholic or drug-abusing parents and they see a lot of violence around – there is a very big opportunity that they becomecriminals. 2. If all members of our society does so, this world will become better. 3. He will enter any appeal if in his opinion the sentence or judgmentare erroneous. 4. The judge alone has the right to hear and decide the majority of civil cases and only such criminal cases punishment for which doesn’t exceed 2 years of imprisonment and if the defendant will donot object to such a trial. 5. They are appointed for life, but if a judgemisuse his authority and will do not perform his duties properly, or if his conductis unworthy of a judge, he will be discharged. 6. With 98 per cent of cases the magistrates on the bench decide on guilt or innocence, and if it will be necessary, what penalty to impose. 7. With more serious cases the magistrates can decide only to send them for trial in a Crown Court, where the decision on guilt or innocence will be made by a jury of twelve citizens chosen by chance, and if it is necessary, the penaltyare decided by the presiding judge, helped by two Justices of the Peace (JPs). 8. A person accused before a Magistrates’ Court may demand to be sent for trial before a Crown Court, even if the casewill be not serious. 9. The judge’s functions are, first, to see that the trial is properly conducted; second, to give guidance to the jury before asking it for its verdict and finally, if the jury will finds the accused guilty, to decide upon the penalty and pronounce a sentence. 10. If the jury finds the accused guilty, then the judge pronounces a sentence. 11. On the one hand it seems logical if the punishment is fit the crime. 12. If you will know your rights well, you can demand that others should respect and observe them.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Если адвокат согласится защищать Тома, у него будет шанс избежать наказания. 2. Когда он выйдет из тюрьмы, его сыну будет уже 20 лет. 3. Если ты получишь образование в Кембридже, тебя возьмут в любую юридическую фирму. 4. Если этот закон изменится, многие люди будут разочарованы. 5. Если банк обанкротится, многие потеряют свои дома. 6. Если Лизу уволят, она не сможет оплачивать свой кредит. 7. Если государство будет заботиться о своих гражданах, они, в свою очередь, будут защищать и ценить его. 8. Когда она станет судьей, многое в ее жизни изменится. 9. Если случится непредвиденное обстоятельство, нажмите на эту красную кнопку. 10. Если кто-то попытается ограбить банк, сигнализация немедленно включится. 11. Если люди будут соблюдать моральные нормы, жизнь станет намного безопаснее. 12. Он ненадежный человек. Если ты положишься на него, он тебя обязательно подведет.

Unit 5. Present Continuous (Progressive)

Exercise 1. Make sentences interrogative.

Example: Nowadays 435 Members of the House of Representatives are representing the 50 States. (How many/Who?) – How many members of the House of Representatives are representing the 50 States today?/Who is representing the 50 States today?

1. A Member of Congress is serving in the Senate or the House of Representatives. (Where/Who?) 2. The Sergeant at Arms is maintaining order on the floor and in the galleries when the House is in session. (When/Where?) 3. As the Vice President is absent the President pro tempore is presiding over the Senate today. (Why/What?) 4. The Secretary of the Senate is busy. He is supervising the Senate’s day-to-day operations. (What/Whose?) 5. Look! The sheriff is making an arrest of a robber. (Who/Whom?) 6. Our new political leader is developing party position on important legislation. (What legislation/What?) 7. They are debating and amending the bill which is different from a normal rule. (What/Why?) 8. The House is now voting on whether to adopt the amendment or to withdraw it. (What/When?) 9. Every legal system is maintaining order and providing a forum for resolving disputes. (What for/Where?) 10. The attorneys are assisting the judge and the court in determining the facts in dispute. (Who/Whom) 11. This young man is driving his car at a dangerous and excessive speed. (What speed/What?) 12. The investigator is examining the scene of the accident right now. (Why/When?)

Exercise 2. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form.

Example: The American legal system … the lawmaking authority among legislative, executive and judicial branches of government (to split). – The American legal system is splitting the lawmaking authority among legislative, executive and judicial branches of government.

1. The federal Environmental Protection Agency … air pollution emitted by new plants (to monitor). 2. The committees … new bills in the House (to introduce). 3. The members of the House and the Senate … for a new legislature (to vote). 4. The unemployment in our country … nowadays (to increase). 5. Don’t bother me! I … a speech for a trial (to prepare). 6. The executive officials of the government … the President on a very important issue (to consult). 7. The FBI … a very complicated problem now (to investigate). 8. The Supreme Court … with matrimonial cases (not to deal). 9. The state governments … in the legislative problems of other states (not to interfere). 10. I … amendments to a criminal code (to look for). Don’t you know where to find them? 11. The law … the citizens of the country to carry firearms (to prohibit). 12. The offenders … away from the police who … to catch them (to run, to try).

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs.

give receive write negotiate argue draft

follow determine pass train graduate fill in

begin investigate take sign

Example: The teacher … a lot of legal tasks to his students because he wants them to become good lawyers. – The teacher is giving a lot of legal tasks to his students because he wants them to become good lawyers.

1. Do you hear? The witnesses … with a judge! 2. Mr. Watson … now … the facts of his case to the solicitor. 3. Keep silence. The court … a very important case right now. 4. … the notaries also … and … contracts in your country? 5. Canada … the American model: Law Schools … students a J.D. (Jurist Doctor/Doctor of law) as a standard law degree. 6. At present Tom … in the form of apprenticeship. 7. Applause please! I have passed my bar examination and now I … a license to practice. 8. The applicants … in the admission papers to the Inns of Court. 9. What exam … the students … now? – Civil law. 10. An ombudsman is an official appointed by the government who … the complaints of individual citizens. 11. He … only … his legal practice; he isn’t very experienced so far. 12. The procurator... the papers right now.

Exercise 4. Correct the mistakes where necessary.

Example: The secretary of the court is print the complaint right now. – The secretary of the court is printing the complaint right now.

1. The topics is dealing with the legislative, executive and judicial branches of our government with the legislative, executive and judicial branches of our government. 2. The labour party is organizes a meeting at the central square now. 3. Law abiding citizens is always obeying laws and pay taxes in time. 4. At present the House of Lords are listening to a new bill proposed by the Queen. 5. The judge always meets his secretary when he enters the office. 6. The senators are voting for the bill right now? 7. Look! Representatives takes the oath of office. 8. Have you heard? He is run for his third elections. 9. The cops is cross-examining the suspects in their office. 10. Who are sitting in the House today? 11. They building a new prison for dangerous criminals in the suburbs now. 12 He is serving in the Senate or the House of Representatives?

Exercise 5. Change the following sentences according to the example.

Example: The procurator always works at his office, but today he … at home. – The procurator always works at his office, but today he is working at home.

1. The judge always speaks very quiet but today he … very nervously. 2. The Speaker doesn’t usually interrupt the members of the House but today he … everyone. 3. I always listen to his lectures very attentively but today I … at all as I am very tired. 4. The witnesses don’t usually lie but today they … all …. 5. The clerk of the court usually has lunch in the canteen but today he … lunch in the café. 6. The solicitors usually report in the lower court but today they … in a higher court. 7. The lawyer usually drives to work but today he … by bus. 8. The barrister always listens to the news on the radio but today he … it on TV. 9. Usually I type my essays but today I … it. Something is wrong with my computer. 10. The bailiffs usually visit ten clients a day but today the bailiffs … only the second client. 11. The dean always comes to work in time but today he … late. 12. The senators usually don’t argue during the first reading but today they … a lot.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Лидер партии большинства агитирует за своего кандидата в парламент. 2. Временный председатель осуществляет руководство парламентом сегодня. 3. Прокурор сейчас готовится к процессу в библиотеке сената. 4. Ты принимаешь участие в конференции по уголовному праву? – Да. 5. Лейбористская партия не проводит сегодня митинг, так как их лидер заболел. 6. Ответственный секретарь партии следит за внутрипартийной дисциплиной и помогает руководству проводить программу партии в жизнь. 7. Сенат и палата представителей обсуждают указ президента. 8. Я сейчас изучаю закон об авторском праве. Я собираюсь выступать с докладом на семинаре. 9. Работают ли сейчас в полиции волонтеры? 10. Кто сейчас выступает в речью по телевизору? Он говорит абсолютную чепуху! 11. Мистер Смит пишет поправки к законодательству. Говорят, он зарабатывает много денег! 12. Они соперничают за место в парламенте.

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