The development of styles in Europe from the 3 страница

multimedia – n. (plural) 1) combined use of media such as movies, music, lighting, CD-ROMs and the Internet, as for education or entertainment; 2) combined use of media such as television, radio, print and the Internet as for advertising or publicity. – adj. 1) of or relating to the use of a combination of media; 2) of or relating to any of various systems which can manipulate data in a variety of forms such as sound, graphics or text

musical comedy – n. 1) play or film, usually having a light romantic story that consists of dialogue interspersed with singing and dancing; 2) such plays and films collectively

musician – n. one who composes, conducts or performs music, especially instrumental music

N

nap – n. raised pile on textiles, especially velvet

natural – adj. 1) present in or produced by nature; 2) not artificially dyed or coloured

navigation – n. process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another

needle – n. 1) pointed slender piece of metal, usually steel, with a hole or eye in it through which thread is passed for sewing; 2) somewhat larger rod with a point at one or each end used in knitting; 3) similar instrument with a hook at one end for crocheting

Neoclassicism – n. late 18th and early 19th century style in architecture, decorative art and fine art based on the imitation of surviving classical models and types

Neo-Expressionism – n. style of modern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid 1980s. It developed as a reaction against the conceptual and minimalistic art of the 1970s. Neo-expressionists returned to portraying recognizable objects such as the human body in a rough and violently emotional way using vivid colours and banal colour harmonies

Neo-Impressionism – n. movement in painting which was an outgrowth of and reaction to Impressionism. It is characterised by pointillism technique based on the scientific juxtaposition of touches or dots of pure colour

New Look – n. fashion in women’s clothes introduced in 1947 by Dior characterized by long full skirts

nylon – n. 1) tough light elastic synthetic fibre; 2) nylon fabric

O

oil painting – n.1)picture painted with oil paints; 2) art or process of painting with oil paints

opacity – n. 1) state or quality of being opaque; 2) degree to which something is opaque; 3) opaque object or substance

optical filter – n. (photography) device which selectively transmits light having certain properties while blocking the remainder

optics – n. (plural) any of the lenses, prisms or mirrors of an optical instrument

ornament – n. 1) anything that enhances the appearance of a person or thing; 2) decorations collectively; 3) small decorative object. – v. 1) furnish with ornaments; 2) serve as an ornament to

ornamental grass – n. grass grown as ornamental plant

ornamentation – n. 1) act or process of decorating, adorning or embellishing; 2) state of being decorated, adorned or embellished; 3) something that decorates or adorns; an embellishment

outline – n. 1) preliminary or schematic plan, draft, account, etc.; 2) drawing or manner of drawing consisting only of external lines. – v. draw or display the outline of

overtone – n. additional meaning or nuance

P

page layout – n.part of graphic design that deals with the arrangement and style treatment of elements (content) on a page

paint elevation – n. scale painting of each element that requires painting supplied to the scenic painter

painter – n. one who paints, either as an artist or worker

painting – n. 1) art or process of applying paints to a surface such as canvas, to make a picture or other artistic composition; 2) composition or picture made in this way; 3) act of applying paint to a surface with a brush

palette – n. 1) flat piece of wood, plastic, etc. used by artists as a surface on which to mix their paints; 2) range of colours characteristic of a particular artist, painting or school of painting; 3) available range of colours or patterns that can be displayed by a computer on a visual display unit

pants – n. (plural) US and Canadian name for ‘trousers’. Garment shaped to cover the body from the waist to the ankles or knees with separate tube-shaped sections for both legs

parchment – n. 1) skin, especially of sheep or goat, prepared for writing or painting on; 2) manuscript written on this; 3) high-grade paper resembling parchment

patchwork – n. needlework done by sewing pieces of different materials together

pattern – n. 1) arrangement of repeated or corresponding parts, decorative motifs, etc; 2) decorative design; 3) style; 4) plan or diagram used as a guide in making something; 5) representative sample. – v. 1) model; 2) arrange as or decorate with a pattern

performance – n. 1) act of performing or the state of being performed; 2) act or style of performing a work or role before an audience; 3) presentation, especially a theatrical one, before an audience

performer – n. artist who participates in performing arts in front of an audience (actor, comedian, dancer, magician, musician, singer)

permanent wave – n.1) hairstyle produced by treatment with heat, chemicals, etc. which gives long-lasting waves, curls or other shaping; 2) act of giving or receiving such a hairstyle

petticoat – n. woman’s light undergarment in the form of an underskirt or including a bodice supported by shoulder straps

photographer – n. person who takes photographs, either as a hobby or a profession

photographic lens (objective lens, photographic objective) – n. optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically

photographic paper – n. paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals used for making photographic prints

photography – n. process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium such as a photographic film or an electronic sensor

photojournalism – n. particular form of journalism that creates images in order to tell a news story

Photoshop (Adobe Photoshop) – n. graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems

pigment – n. colouring matter used as paint or dye

pillow – n. 1) cloth case stuffed with feathers, foam rubber, etc. used to support the head, especially during sleep; 2) decorative cushion

pillow case – n. removable washable cover of cotton, linen, nylon, etc. for a pillow

pin – n. ornament fastened to clothing by means of a clasp

pixel – n. basic unit of the composition of an image on a television screen, computer monitor or similar display

pleat – n. fold in cloth made by doubling the material upon itself and then pressing or stitching it into place. – v. arrange (material, part of a garment, etc.) in pleats

polyester – n. synthetic fibre or resin

polyurethane foam – n. foam made by adding water to polyurethane plastics

Pop art – n. movement in modern art which has its origin in England in the 1950s. It imitates the methods, styles and themes of popular culture and mass media such as comic strips, advertising and science fiction

popularize – v. 1) make popular; make attractive to the general public; 2) make or cause to become easily understandable or acceptable

porcelain – n. 1) hard white translucent ceramic made by firing a pure clay and then glazing it with variously coloured fusible materials; china; 2) object made of this substance or such objects collectively

portrait – n.painting, photograph, sculpture or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant

portraiture – n. 1) practice or art of making portraits; 2) portraits collectively

positive – n. photographic image in which the lights and darks appear as they do in nature

Postmodern art – n. art movement that rejects the dogma and practices of any form of modernism. In architecture, contrasting with international modernism and featuring elements from several periods, especially the classical, often with ironic use of decoration

power loom – n. textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile operated mechanically

preference – n. 1) selecting of someone or something over another or others; 2) state of being preferred

press – v. apply heat or pressure to (clothing) so as to smooth out creases; iron

press release – n. announcement of an event, performance or other newsworthy item that is issued to the press

prêt-à-porter – n. ready-to-wear clothing

primary colours – n. yellow, red (magenta) and blue (cyan) colours from which it is possible to mix all the other colours of the spectrum - also known as the subtractive or colorant primaries. Thus pigments that reflect light of one of these wavelengths and absorb other wavelengths may be mixed to produce all colours

principles of design (art) – certain qualities inherent in the choice and arrangement of elements of art in the production of a work of art. Those principles are proportion, rhythm, harmony, balance, unity

print – n. 1) design or picture printed from an engraved plate, wood block or other medium; 2) positive photographic image in colour or black and white produced, usually on paper, from a negative image on film; 3) fabric with a printed design; 4) printed publication such as a newspaper or book. – v. 1) press (a mark or design) onto or into a surface; 2) offer in printed form; publish; 3) produce a photographic print from (a negative)

producer – n. 1) person responsible for the artistic direction of a play including interpretation of the script, preparation of the actors and overall design; 2) person who takes overall administrative responsibility for a film or television programme

production designer – n. person who is responsible for the overall look of a filmed event such as film, TV program, music video or advert

production manager – n.person who manages the production budget and production schedule. He also reports, on behalf of the production office, to the studio executives or financiers of the film

production team – n. group of technical staff who produces a play, television show or film

productivity – n. quality of being productive or having the power to produce

prop – n. (abbreviated from ‘theatrical property’) any object held or used on stage by an actor which contributes to the plot or story line of a theatrical production

propmaster – n. (abbreviated from ‘property master’) artistic and organizational employee in a film, television or theatrical production who is responsible for purchasing, acquiring or manufacturing any props needed for a production

proportion – n. 1) principle of design which refers to the comparative, proper or harmonious relationship of one part to another or to the whole with respect to size, quantity or degree; ratio; 2) balance or symmetry; 3) (plural) dimensions or size

prowess – n. outstanding or superior skill or ability

publisher – n. company or person engaged in publishing periodicals, books, music, etc.

puffed – adj. gathered for protruding fullness

pullover – n. garment such as a sweater that is put on by being drawn over the head

purchase – n. something that is purchased, especially an article bought with money. – v. obtain (goods, etc.) by payment

Q

quality – n. 1) distinguishing characteristic, property or attribute; 2) degree or standard of excellence, especially a high standard. – adj. having a high degree of excellence

quilt – n. 1) thick warm cover for a bed consisting of a soft filling sewn between two layers of material, usually with crisscross seams; 2) anything quilted or resembling a quilt

R

rayon – n. textile fabric made from cellulose

ready-to-wear – adj. (of clothes) not tailored for the wearer; of a standard size. – n. article or suit of such clothes

realism – n. 1) inclination toward literal truth and pragmatism; 2) representation in art or literature of objects, actions or social conditions as they actually are without idealization or presentation in abstract form

refinement – n. small alteration that you make to something in order to improve it

reflect – v. 1) throw back (light, heat, sound, etc.) from a surface; 2) show or express

rehearsal – n. session of practising a play, concert, speech, etc. in preparation for public performance

Renaissance – n. revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the 14th and 15th centuries, particularly in Italy, but also in Germany and other European countries. The period was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and design, and included an emphasis on human beings, their environment, science and philosophy

Renaissance man – n. man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences

rendering – n. 1) act or an instance of performing a play, piece of music, etc.; 2) perspective drawing showing an architect’s idea of a finished building, interior, etc.

repetition – n. 1) act or process or an instance of repeating or being repeated; 2) principle of design (art) which is closely related to harmony and refers to the way of combining elements of art so that the same elements are used over and over again

requirement – n. 1) something that is required; necessity; 2) something obligatory; prerequisite

rescale – v. establish on a new scale

research – n. systematic investigation to establish facts or principles, or to collect information on a subject

resolution – n. ability of a television or film image to reproduce fine detail

revamp – v. patch up or restore; renovate

rhythm – n. 1) (in painting, sculpture, architecture, etc.) harmonious sequence or pattern of masses alternating with voids, of light alternating with shade, of alternating colours, etc.; 2) principle of design (art) that refers to a regular repetition of elements of art to produce the look and feel of movement

ribbon – n. narrow strip or band of fabric used especially for trimming or decoration

rinse – n. temporary hair tint

rivet – n. short metal pin for fastening two or more pieces together having a head at one end, the other end being hammered flat after being passed through holes in the pieces

Rococo – n. style of architecture and decoration that originated in France in the early 18th century characterized by elaborate but graceful, light ornamentation, often containing asymmetrical motifs

roller – n. small cylinder on which hair is rolled for setting

roller blind – n. window shade that rolls up out of the way

Romanticism – n. theory, practice and style of the romantic art, music and literature of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, usually opposed to classicism

rug – n. floor covering smaller than a carpet and made of thick wool or of other material such as an animal skin

runway (catwalk) – n. narrow ramp extending from the stage into the audience in a theatre, nightclub, etc., especially as used by models in a fashion show

S

satin – n. 1) smooth fabric as of silk or rayon woven with a glossy face and a dull back; 2) garment made of this fabric. – adj. made of or covered with satin

saturation – n. colour’s purity of hue; its intensity

scale model – n.representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object

scalene triangle – n. triangle with no two sides of equal length

scene – n. 1) theatre stage; 2) scenery and properties for a dramatic presentation; 3) place in which the action of a play, movie, novel or other narrative occurs; a setting; 4) subdivision of an act in a dramatic presentation in which the setting is fixed and the time continuous; 5) prospect of a place, landscape, etc.

scene shop (scenery shop) – n. specialized workshop found in many medium or large theaters as well as many educational theatre settings. The primary function of a scene shop is to fabricate and assemble the flats, platforms and other scenic (set) pieces required for a performance

scenic design (scenography, stage design, set design, production design) – n.creation of theatrical as well as film or television scenery

scenic painting – n. wide-ranging craft encompassing virtually the entire scope of painting techniques and often reaching far beyond

scenographer – n. person who develops the appearance of a stage design, a TV or movie set, a gaming environment, a trade fair exhibition design or a museum experience exhibition design

script – n. written copy for the use of performers in films and plays. – v. write a script for

sculptor – n. person who practises sculpture

sculpture – n. 1) art of making three-dimensional or relief forms by chiselling, carving, modelling, casting, etc.; 2) work of sculpture. – v. 1) represent in or adorn with sculpture; 2) practise sculpture

search engine optimization (SEO) – n.process of improving the volume and quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via algorithmic search results for targeted keywords

secondary colour – n. colour formed by mixing two primary colours

set – n. 1) scenery and other props used in and identifying the location of a stage or television production, film, etc.; 2) fit or hang of a garment, especially when worn; 3) group of persons sharing a common interest. – v. 1) arrange in a particular fashion, especially an attractive one; 2) (of clothes) hang or fit (well or badly) when worn; 3) arrange (a stage, television studio, etc.) with scenery and props

set construction – n. production of a set (scale models, scale drawings, paint elevations, etc.) for theatrical, film or television performances

set designer (scenic designer) – n. person who is responsible for collaborating with theatre director and other members of the production design team to create an environment for the production and then communicate the details of this environment to the technical director, production manager, charge scenic artist and propmaster

settee – n. 1) long wooden bench with a back; 2) small or medium-sized sofa

setting – n. 1) surroundings in which something is set; scene; 2) scenery, properties or background used to create the location for a stage play, film, etc.

setup – n. 1) way in which anything is organized or arranged; 2) position of the camera, microphones and performers at the beginning of a scene

sew – v. 1) join or decorate (pieces of fabric, etc.) by means of a thread repeatedly passed through with a needle or similar implement; 2) (often followed by ‘on’ or ‘up’) attach, fasten or close by sewing; 3) make (a garment, etc.) by sewing

sewer – n. person who sews

sewing – n. material or work to be sewn

sewing machine – n. machine for sewing, often having additional attachments for special stitching

shade – n. 1) relative darkness produced by the blocking out of light; 2) darker area indicated in a painting, drawing, etc. by shading; 3) colour that varies slightly from a standard colour due to a difference in hue, saturation or luminosity

shadow – n. 1) area that is not or is only partially illuminated because an opaque object is between the area and the source of light; 2) image cast by an object blocking rays of illumination. – v. 1) cast a shadow over; 2) make dark or gloomy; 3) shade from light

shampoo – n. 1) liquid or cream preparation of soap or detergent to wash the hair; 2) process of shampooing. – v. wash or undergo washing with shampoo

shape – n.1) outward form of an object defined by outline; 2) figure or outline of the body of a person; 3) something used to provide or define form, pattern, mould; 4) element of design (art) which refers to enclosed space defined and determined by other art elements such as line, colour, value and texture. – v. 1) give a particular form to, create; 2) cause to conform to a particular form or pattern; adapt to fit

shave – v. remove bristles or hair with a razor

shawl – n. piece of fabric, knitted or crocheted material worn over the shoulders or head

shawl colla r – n. collar rolled back in a continuous and tapering line along the surplice neckline of a garment

shoe – n. durable covering for the human foot made of leather or similar material with a rigid sole and heel, usually extending no higher than the ankle

shorts – n. (plural) trousers reaching the top of the thigh or partway to the knee worn by both sexes for sport, relaxing in summer, etc.

silhouette – n. 1) picture showing the outline only, usually in black on white or cut from paper; 2) dark shadow or outline against a lighter background; 3) (in fashion) shape of the human body. – v. represent or show in silhouette

silk – n. 1) very fine, soft fibre made by silkworms; 2) thread, cloth, etc. made from this fibre

silverwork – n. decorative work done in silver

sketch – n. 1) rough or unfinished drawing or painting; 2) rough draft or general outline. – v. 1) make or give a sketch of; 2) draw sketches; 3) outline briefly

skill – n. ability to do something well; technique, expertise

skirt – n. 1) woman’s garment hanging from the waist; 2) part of a coat, etc. hanging below the waist

slashed – n. having long and narrow ornamental cuts showing an underlying fabric

sleek – adj. smooth and shiny; polished

sleeve – n. part of a garment covering the arm

slide projector – n. opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides

social event – n.event characteristic of persons forming groups

Social Realism (Socio-Realism) – n. artistic movement expressed in the visual and other realist arts which depicts working class activities

sound designer – n. person who practices the art of sound design

space – n. 1) unlimited three-dimensional expanse in which all material objects are located; 2) blank portion or area; 3) unoccupied area or room; 4) element of design (art) that refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below or within things. – v. place or arrange at intervals or with spaces between; 2) separate (letters, words or lines) by the insertion of spaces

stage makeup – n. makeup used by actors to assist in creating the appearance of the characters they portray

stage picture – n.‘look’ or physical appearance of the stage for a play whether in rehearsal or performance. It reflects the way that the stage is composed artistically in regard to props, actors, shapes and colours

stained glass – n. glass that has been coloured in any of various ways as by fusing with a film of metallic oxide or burning pigment into the surface used especially for church windows

static media – n. mainly print media which are most often created electronically, but don’t require electronics to be accessed by the end user in the printed form

stiff – adj. rigid, inflexible

still life photography – n.depiction of inanimate subject matter, most typically a small grouping of objects which may be either natural or man-made

stole – n. woman’s long scarf of cloth or fur worn by women

street photography – n. type of documentary photography that features subjects in candid situations within public places such as streets, parks, beaches, malls, political conventions and other settings

style – n. 1) form of appearance, design or production; 2) way in which something is done; 2) distinctive, formal or characteristic manner of expression in words, music, painting, etc.; 3) elegance or refinement of manners, dress, etc.; 4) prevailing fashion in dress, look, etc.; 5) fashionable mode of existence (e.g. to live in style); 6) particular mode of orthography, design, etc. followed in a book, journal or in a printing or publishing house. – v. 1) design, shape or tailor (e.g. to style hair); 2) adapt or make suitable; 3) make consistent or correct according to a printing or publishing style

stylish – adj. having style; smart; fashionable

suit – n. 1) set of matching outer garments, especially one consisting of a coat with trousers or a skirt; 2) outfit for a special activity. – v. 1) make or be fit or appropriate for; 2) please; satisfy; 3) provide with clothing; dress; 4) meet the requirements of; fit

Surrealism – n. cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The works feature the element of surprise and unexpected juxtapositions

Symbolism – n. late 19th century movement in art that sought to express mystical or abstract ideas through the symbolic use of images

T

tablecloth – n. cloth spread over a table, especially for meals

tailor – n.one whomakes, repairs and alters clothing professionally, especially suits and men’s clothing. – v. cut or style (material, clothes, etc.) to satisfy certain requirements

tapestry – n. heavy ornamental fabric, often in the form of a picture, used for wall hangings, furnishings, etc. and made by weaving coloured threads into a fixed warp

tassel – n. tuft of loose threads secured by a knot or ornamental knob used to decorate soft furnishings, clothes, etc. – v. adorn with a tassel or tassels

taste – n. 1) personal preference or liking; 2) ability to make discerning judgments about aesthetic, artistic and intellectual matters; 3) judgment of aesthetic or social matters according to a generally accepted standard

tease – v. (US and Canadian) comb the under layers of the hair towards the roots to give more bulk to a hairstyle

tertiary colour – n. colour formed by mixing two secondary colours

textile – n. 1) any fabric or cloth, especially woven; 2) raw material suitable to be made into cloth; fibre or yarn. – adj. of or relating to fabrics or the making of fabrics

texture – n. 1) structure of interwoven fibers or other elements; 2) distinctive physical composition or structure of something, especially with respect to the size, shape and arrangement of its parts; 3) element of design (art) which is the surface quality or ‘feel’ of an object, its smoothness, roughness, softness, etc.

thank-you – n. conventional expression of gratitude

theatrical costume – n.costume which helps actors to portray characters’ age, gender role, profession, social class, personality and even information about the historical period, geographic location and time of day as well as the season or weather of the theatrical performance

thread – n. 1) fine strand, filament or fibre of some material; 2) fine cord of twisted filaments, especially of cotton, used in sewing, weaving, etc.

tights – n. (plural) 1) snug stretchable garment covering the body from the waist or neck down designed for general wear by women and girls; 2) similar garment designed for athletic use worn especially by acrobats and dancers

timeline – n. 1) graphic representation showing the passage of time as a line; 2) time frame during which something is scheduled to happen

tint – n. 1) shade of a colour, especially a pale one; 2) colour that is softened or desaturated by the addition of white; 3) tinge; 4) semipermanent dye for the hair

tone – n. 1) quality of a given colour as modified by mixture with white or black; shade; tint; 2) overall effect of the colour values and gradations of light and dark in a picture; 3) (photography) colour or shade of colour including black or grey, of a particular area on a negative or positive that can be distinguished from surrounding lighter or darker areas. – v. 1) give a tone to or correct the tone of; 2) (photography) soften or change the colour of the tones of a photographic image by chemical means

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16