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C) Definition within text.

By Yongfang Hu | What is prose fiction? | The nature of fiction translation | Lexical Barriers and Translation Strategies in English Translations of Modern Japanese Literature | Research procedures. | Sense-segments rooted in Japanese culture: three strategies for translation. | Ii) Definition without Japanese term: "deculturalising" a cultural word. | Beyond words: ritual exchanges and codes of conduct. | Hidden culture: the translator as cultural guide. | Puns and beyond: translating the untranslatable. |


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  1. Answer the questions after reading the text.
  2. Answer the questions to the text.
  3. Article 2. Definition
  4. Article 3. Definition
  5. Ask eight questions about the previous text.
  6. B) Explain the difference between the synonyms within each pair. (See Notes on p. 18.) When in doubt, consult dictionaries.
  7. B) Retell the text.

Footnotes, however, are perhaps typical more of academic writing than of a novel. In novels it is not just semantic correspondence that matters, and the reader is likely to become irritated if constantly forced to pause in mid-sentence and consult footnotes. Gutt (1991, in Venuti, 2000:377) argues that a translation "should be expressed in such a manner that it yields the intended interpretation without putting the audience to unnecessary processing effort." Exactly what the "intended interpretation" is will often be a matter for debate, while the question of what constitutes "unnecessary" processing effort is also a subjective one, but clearly a translation will become unreadable if every page is peppered with foreign words requiring explanatory footnotes. Perhaps the only readers who would not grow exasperated with such a strategy would be students of Japanese using the translation as a guide to understanding the original Japanese text. Exactly who does read Japanese literature in translation is far from clear (see Fowler, 1992:3-4), but it seems reasonable to assume that the texts discussed here are not targeted at such a narrow readership.

Another option is to offer a definition within the text. This may involve using a foreign word together with defining text, or it may involve "deculturalising" a sense-segment rooted in the foreign culture by defining it entirely in terms rooted in the domestic culture. Let us look at each of these strategies in turn.


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B) Borrowing plus footnote.| I) Japanese term plus definition.

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