Grammar focus

THE PARTICIPLE

	Active	Passive
Participle I	closing – закрывающий, закрывая	being closed – закрываемый, закрывающийся, будучи закрыт(-ым) (= когда закрыли)
Perfect Participle	having closed – закрыв	having been closed – так как (после того как) был закрыт
Participle II		closed – закрытый, закрываемый, когда (так как) закрыт

Note:

Participle I expresses simultaneous action with the main verb.

· While making the experiment, he broke some glassware.

· The substance being investigated can be used in our further work.

Perfect participle expresses the action preceding the action expressed by the main verb:

· Having investigated all the properties they could state that those gases were harmful.

· Having been cooled to a very low temperature many substances acquire quite new properties.

Participle II has the meaning of the passive voice.

· When asked about his work, he couldn’t say anything.

· A piece of iron placed in the container with acid diminishes in mass.

NB! Pay attention to the translation of some special cases of Participle II.

· The question involved is to be solved today.

Вопрос, о котором идет речь, должен быть решен сегодня.

Данный вопрос должен быть решен сегодня.

· The discovery followed by many experiments resulted in new investigations in chemistry.

Открытие, за ко­торым последовало много экспериментов, привело к новым исследованиям в области химии.

· When (if) heated, water turns into steam.

При наг­ревании (когда воду нагревают) вода превращается в пар

Ex.1. Choose the correct form of the Participle.

1. (Being, having been, been) very brittle antimony can be easily pulverized. 2. When (prepared, having prepared, preparing) a substance on a commercial scale the method chosen must utilize inexpensive and readily available materials. 3. When (heating, heated, having heated) concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with metals. 4. Many ethers take up oxygen from the atmosphere (having formed, forming, having been formed) peroxy ethers. 5. Organo-metallic compounds are exceedingly reactive (having been, having being been, being) vigorously hydrolyzed by water. 6. Neutral water when (saturated, having saturated, having been saturated) with 0₂ is a fairly good (oxidizing, oxidized) agent. 7. (cooling, having cooled, cooled) the concentrated solution of naphthalene in hexane we obtained white precipitate of pure naphtha­lene. 8. Magnesium is not attacked by water despite favorable potential unless (having been amalgamated, amalgamated, having amalgamated).

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