GRAMMAR IN USE. Sequence of tenses Direct Speech Indirect Speech Present Tenses Present Simple (V1) Past Simple (V2) Present

Sequence of tenses

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Present Tenses
Present Simple (V1)	Past Simple (V2)
Present Progressive (am, is, are + V-ing)	Past Progressive (was,were + V-ing)
Present Perfect (have/has+ V3)	Past Perfect (had+V3)
Present Perfect Progressive (have/has been+V-ing)	Past Perfect Progressive (had been+V-ing)
Past Tenses
Past Simple (V2)	Past Perfect (V3)
Past Progressive (was/were + V-ing)	Past Perfect Progressive (had been+V-ing)
Past Perfect (had + V3)	Past perfect (had +V3)
Future Tenses
Future Simple (Will+V1)	Future-in-the-past (would+V1)

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into your native language:

1. The physician said that the sanatorium treatment would be helpful.

2. I didn’t know you had had practice at the hospital.

3. The patient said that 2 hours before the admission he had felt an unbearable pain in epigastria area.

4. I was told that the conjunctiva was infected.

5. The doctor supposed that antibiotic treatment would be changed.

6. The patient was told that the life in subtropical climate would be very helpful.

7. Our teacher told us that Pavlov had carried out his experiments on dogs.

8. The woman said that her stomachache was unbearable.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences in the past paying attention to the subordinate clauses:

1. The nurse says that the doctor is making his morning round.

2. The doctor says that the patient has been operated successfully.

3. The nurse says that the patient will be made analysis tomorrow morning.

4. The pharmaceutist says that drugs for injections are stored in the fridge.

5. The doctor says that the patient’s lower left molar will be extracted.

6. Tommy’s mother says that he complains of severe headaches.

7. The professor says that the next lecture on reflexes will be delivered on Tuesday.

8. Dr. Hall says that the operation has been performed successfully.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets, putting the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense:

1. The patient said that he (to experience) never such pain before.

2. The doctor decided that the lower left molar (to extract) as soon as possible.

3. The patient said that his teeth (to become) 3 shades whiter.

4. He believed that the new method of treatment (to use) extensively in future.

5. He said that this drug already (to help) him a lot.

6. The patient’s mother said that 2 years before the boy (to fell) down the stairs and got concussion of the brain.

7. The nurse asked if the patient (to take) already his pills.

8. Mr. Green asked when he (to operate).

Exercise 4. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion.

2. Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of transmarginal inhibition (TMI).

3. TMI is the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock

4. Carl Jung continued Pavlov's work on TMI. He correlated the observed shutdown types in animals with his own introverted and extroverted temperament types in humans.

5. The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the " conditioned reflex ".

6. It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell.

7. Pavlov’s writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell.

8. It is less widely known that Pavlov's experiments on the conditional reflex extended to children. Some of the children underwent surgical procedures, similar to those performed on the dogs, for the collection of saliva.

Завдання для самостійної роботи

студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення, складіть з ними речення: 1. Видатний фізіолог 2. Присвятити життя 3. Вивчати функціонування шлунку 4. Бути схильним до виділення слини 5. Рефлекторна дія 6. Проходити вівісекцію 7. Вмерти від запалення легенів 8. Нейтральний подразник 9. Мимовільна реакція 10. Довгострокові фізіологічні процеси   II. Дайте розгорнуту відповідь на наступні питання: 1. What is he famous for? 2. What did Pavlov investigate? 3. What experiments did Pavlov’s “patients” go through? 4. When did Pavlov win the Nobel Prize? 5.Why did Pavlov ask his student to record the circumstances of his dying? ІІІ. Поясніть наступні терміни (не менше 5 речень): Physiologist

REFLEXES РЕФЛЕКСИ

Text: REFLEXES

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses (revision)

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 1. Learn the following new words:

1. a reflex 2. to reflex 3. patellar 4. plantar 5. pupillary 6. luminance 7. involuntary 8. instantaneous 9. consciousness 10. response 11. afferent 12. efferent 13. jerk 14. quadriceps 15. extension 16. retina 17. flexor 18. extensor 19. upward 20. conjunctiva 21. cornea 22. inborn 23. mesencephalon

['rifleks] [ri 'fleks] [pə 'telə] ['plentə] ['pjupiləri] ['lu:minəns] [in'vɒləntərɪ] [in'steinitɪəs] ['kɒnʃesnis] [rɪs'pɒns] ['æfərənt ] ['efərənt ] [ʤə:k] [kwɒdri'seps ] [iks 'tenʃn ] ['retinə ] ['fleksə] [iks 'tenʃn ] ['ʌpwəd ] ['kɔnʤʌŋk'taivə] ['kɔ:niə] [in'bɔ: n] [mɛsɛn'sɛfə'lɒn]

1. рефлекс 2. реагувати 3. надколінний 4. підошовний 5. зіничний 6. яскравість (світла) 7. мимовільний 8. миттєвий 9. свідомість 10. відповідь 11. доцентр., чутливий 12. відцентр., руховий 13. різкий поштовх 14. чотириголовий м'яз 15. (мед.) розтягнення 16. сітківка 17. згинач (м'яз) 18. розгинач 19. спрямований вгору 20. слизова оболонка 21. рогівка,роговаоболока 22. природжений;природн. 23. середній мозок

Exercise 2. Read the following, paying attention to the rules of reading:

e [i:] – b e, h e, sh e, m e, diam e ter, centim e ter, millim e ter, kilom e ter, lact o m e ter

ar [ə] – tart ar, patell ar, plant ar, particul ar, down war d, upw ar d, forw ar d, irregul ar

er, ir, ur [ə:] – t er m, g ir l, f ur, m ur mur, c ir cuit, j er k, n er ve, f ir m, f ur ther, g er m,

a, o, u [ ə ] - l a bor a t o ry, invol u nt a ry, stimul u s, aut o matic, sens o ry, c o ntrol, comm o n

or [ ə ] – doct or, mirr or, mot or, flex or, extens or, supervis or, anteri or, posteri or

Exercise 3. Complete the table with missing forms:

Nouns	Adjectives
1. rib 2. face 3. - 4. - 5. lung 6. laboratory 7. - 8. - 9. - 10.circulation 11.- 12.sense 13.- 14.knee 15. 16.sole	1. costal 2. - 3. cardiac 4. hepatic 5. - 6. - 7. renal 8. oral 9. nervous 10. - 11. ocular 12. - 13. pupillary 14. – 15. lacrimal 16. –

Exercise 4. Read the following words or word-combinations and translate them. Make up sentences of your own:

to examine: an examiner, an examination, on examination, careful examination;

to move: movable, movement, moving, involuntary movement, to move around

a reflex: to reflex, the knee- jerk reflex, a pupillary reflex, conditioned reflexes

response: to response, automatic response, in response to, to be responsible for

conscious: consciousness, unconsciousness, to lose consciousness, loss of consciousness

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Involuntary movement, instantaneous movement, in response to a stimulus, a reflection, the level of consciousness, an afferent (sensory) nerve, an inborn activity, to suck, to swallow, to blink, to scratch, a jerk, to tap the patellar ligament, a small rubber hammer, the quadriceps muscle, involuntary extension, the pupillary light reflex, the intensity (luminance) of light, the retina of the eye, the lacrimal reflex, flexor response, extensor response, downward movement, upward movement, the conjunctiva or cornea.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

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