Lesson 7

“Science”

Task 1 Read and remember the words and word combinations:

Knowledge – знание; testable explanations – объяснения, которые можно проверить; convincingly – убедительно; to explain – объяснять; interchangeably – взаимно; in the same way – таким же образом; common – распространённый; motion – движение; increasingly – постоянно; to classify – классифицировать; commonly – обычно; observable phenomena – наблюдаемые явления; under the same conditions – при таких же условиях; both … and … – и … и …; similarity – схожесть; difference – различие; similar to – похожий на; to verify – подтверждать; advance – успех, прогресс; essential – существенный; hypothesis – гипотеза; to act – действовать; to seek – искать; partly – частично; to simulate – копировать; taken in one’s entirety – взятый в целом; to minimize – минимизировать; bias – предубеждения.

Task 2 Read the text A:

Text A

Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the natural world. In its oldest and broadest sense, science is also the resulting body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and convincingly explained.

Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy, the way of life dedicated to discovering such knowledge. And into early modern times the two words were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, "natural philosophy" (which is today called "natural science") could be considered separately from "philosophy" in general. But "science" continued to also be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science, political science, and computer science.

The more narrow sense of "science" which is common today, developed as a part of science became a distinct enterprise of defining "laws of nature", based on early examples such as Kepler's laws, Galileo's laws, and Newton's laws of motion. In this period it became more common to refer to natural philosophy as "natural science". Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly strongly associated with the disciplined study of the natural world, for example physics and chemistry. Many of the other areas of scientific study outside the natural sciences have sometimes been classified as social sciences.

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